Point Source vs Line Array: Choosing the Right PA Architecture

Point source and line array represent two fundamental approaches to PA system design, each with distinct characteristics suited to different applications. Understanding their differences enables appropriate system selection for specific venues and uses.

Point Source Characteristics

Point source speakers radiate sound from a single point (or appear to), spreading spherically in all directions from that point.

Sound level decreases by 6 dB each time distance doubles. Audience members twice as far away hear half the level.

Coverage pattern is consistent throughout the frequency range in well-designed speakers. The coverage angle determines how wide an area each speaker serves.

Line Array Characteristics

Line arrays create a vertical line source by stacking multiple cabinets. Sound radiates cylindrically rather than spherically.

In the coupling range, level decreases by only 3 dB per distance doubling. Far listeners hear closer levels to near listeners.

Vertical coverage is narrow and controlled; horizontal coverage depends on cabinet design but is typically 90-120 degrees.

Coverage Comparison

Point source systems can cover an area effectively but require multiple speakers or significant level adjustment for varied distances.

Line arrays provide more consistent level from front to back naturally. A single hang can cover from stage front to venue rear with reasonable uniformity.

For shallow audience areas (all listeners at similar distances), point source and line array perform similarly. Deep venues favor line arrays.

Throw Distance

Point source systems have practical throw limits. Beyond certain distances, level drops unacceptably regardless of how much power is applied.

Line arrays extend usable throw distance significantly. Their slower attenuation rate maintains audible level at greater distances.

Outdoor festivals and arena concerts typically use line arrays specifically for this throw capability.

Room Acoustics

Point source speakers with broader vertical coverage excite floor and ceiling reflections, adding reverberant energy to the space.

Line arrays’ narrow vertical coverage reduces ceiling and floor reflections, delivering more direct-to-reverberant ratio.

Highly reverberant spaces benefit from line array pattern control. Dead rooms may use either approach successfully.

Setup Complexity

Point source systems deploy quickly. Place speakers, connect cables, check levels—experienced crews set up point source systems rapidly.

Line arrays require rigging, angle calculation, and more precise setup. Software prediction, careful measurement, and systematic tuning optimize arrays.

The complexity premium of line arrays pays off in larger, more challenging venues. Simpler venues may not justify the setup investment.

Cost Considerations

Point source systems typically cost less per unit of output for smaller applications. Individual cabinets are self-contained and economical.

Line array systems require multiple matching boxes, rigging hardware, and often separate amplification and processing. Initial investment is higher.

For touring applications where labor and truck space have value, line arrays’ efficiency at covering large venues may offset higher equipment cost.

Rigging Requirements

Point source speakers fly individually or ground-stack with minimal rigging complexity. Standard speaker stands suffice for many applications.

Line arrays require purpose-built rigging hardware—bumpers, frames, pull-backs, and safety cables. Certified rigging expertise is essential.

Venues without adequate rigging points limit line array options. Ground-stacked arrays sacrifice many line array advantages.

Application Guidelines

Point source suits: small to medium venues, simple setups, budget-conscious applications, venues with rigging limitations, and situations where portability matters most.

Line arrays suit: medium to large venues, long throw requirements, reverberant spaces, applications demanding consistent coverage, and productions where setup time is available.

Many productions benefit from hybrid approaches—point source for monitors and small fills, line arrays for main coverage.

Common Point Source Systems

QSC KW series, JBL SRX800 and PRX800, EV ELX200 and ZLX—these represent professional point source options.

These speakers serve effectively as mains for small-medium venues, as delays and fills in larger systems, and as monitors.

Common Line Array Systems

JBL VTX and VRX, L-Acoustics K and A series, d&b audiotechnik E and Y series, Meyer Sound LEOPARD and LINA.

These range from compact touring arrays to large-format concert systems, each sized for specific venue scales.

Making the Choice

Evaluate the venue’s throw distance, acoustic character, and rigging capability. Consider the production’s budget, setup time, and technical support.

Neither technology is universally superior. Each solves specific problems well. Matching system architecture to application requirements yields best results.

Consulting with rental houses, system designers, or manufacturer representatives helps navigate the decision for specific projects.